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Mortagagemortgagelender Q Q Mortgage Lender Payday Szh Especes Macromiidae Macromia Splendens Mortgage Mortgage Lender

The Mortgage Equity Technique, sometimes referred to as the Ellwood Method (also "Ellwood without algebra as developed by Charles Akerson), addresses the Equity Buildup and Holding Period, but not the other factors that are mentioned in the list above. The technique implicitly relies upon the Time Value of Money concept. It builds (develops) a multiplier, referred to as the Capitalization Rate that mathematically represents the series of cash flows produced by an investment over the holding period of the investment. The first year (stabilized) income of the investment is then capitalized to determine the value of the investment's cash flows. The Mortgage Equity Technique is superior to the Band of Investment because it better reflects the circumstances of a real property transaction by recognizing three important factors that are excluded from the Band of Investment.

  • The investment is typically not held forever - there is a "holding period".
  • There is an "equity buildup" as the mortgage loan is paid down.
  • The investor receives the proceeds of the sale at the end of the holding period.






Cash Investment
To explain the mortgage equity concept further, let us first assume that an investor acquires an investment for cash (no borrowed funds), and that he requires a 10% yield on his investment each year, as long as he holds it. What should he pay to acquire the investment? The following statements are analogous:

To find the amount that he should pay, he would simply divide the net income produced by the investment (net income is assumed to be constant each year) by the yield which he requires. Assume a net income of $10,000.00.

Net Income
 Capitalization Rate
Required Yield
APR
IRR		 Value
$10,000 divided by .10 = $100,000


To prove that his annual yield is 10%, divide the net income produced by the investment ($10,000.00) by the value of the investment ($100,000.00).

$10,000 divided by $100,000 = .10 per annum

In the example above, the required yield and the Capitalization Rate are the same. This method is sometimes referred to as Capitalization in Perpetuity.

When There is a Loan
If a loan is used to partially fund the investment, then the analysis must be modified in order to calculate the value of the total investment that will still produce a 10% annual return on the investor's cash investment. To simplify the discussion, assume that the loan is interest only, i.e., the investor is not required to pay back any principal as long as he holds the investment. Further, assume that he will be able to borrow 50% of the value of the investment and that he will pay an interest rate of 12% on all funds borrowed. The other 50% will be the investor's cash.

In order to calculate the value necessary to give the investor a 10% return on his cash, we must calculate the amount that the investor will receive each year, after he pays the interest on his loan. The calculation is as follows:

Step 1: 50% of value multiplied by 12% interest rate = .06
Step 2: 50% of value multiplied by 10% required yield = .05
Capitalization Rate .11


The above example is a special case of the Band of Investment that is applied correctly because the loan is Interest Only. This will be proven below. The sum of Step 1 and Step 2, the Capitalization Rate, is equal to 11%. We divide the income produced by the investment ($10,000.00) by the Capitalization Rate (11%), in order to find the value of the investment.

Net Income
Capitalization Rate
 Value
$10,000 divided by .11 = $90,909.09

To prove that the investor's annual yield is 10%, we first calculate the amount that the investor will receive after he has paid the interest on the loan.

Net Income $10,000.00
Interest paid (90,909.09 / 2 * .12) -5,454.55
Received by the Investor 4,545.45

Then we divide this remainder (the amount received annually by the investor) by the investor's cash investment ($4,545.45 divided by $45,454.55). The result equals 10% - the investor's annual yield.

The Mortgage Equity Technique

Discussed above is a simple example of what is often called the Band of Investment. It is a special case, where the Band of Investment is used correctly. It is also the beginning of what is known as the Mortgage Equity Technique. The simple examples described above, Capitalization in Perpetuity and Band of Investment, inadequately reflect most typical investments in the marketplace. In the marketplace, loans are usually amortized, requiring that principal as well as interest be paid each year. This additional payment reduces the cash that the investor receives each year. Also, as principal is repaid, the loan balance is reduced. This too, must be considered.

The Mortgage Equity Technique was developed to build loan amortization and the value of the Reversion into the Capitalization Rate. An additional variable, the "holding period", was introduced into the Mortgage Equity Technique, recognizing the fact that an investment typically is not held forever. Now, instead of assuming that an investor's yield is received in perpetuity, the yield is received over a specific period of time.

As a result of introducing a Holding Period, an additional factor, Equity Buildup, must be added to the calculation. To illustrate, we use the same assumptions that were used in the example immediately above. But instead of an Interest Only loan, we assume that the loan will be amortized over a period of 25 years. We also add the assumption that the investment will be held for 10 years - the Holding Period.

In order to calculate the value necessary to give the investor a 10% return on his cash over the Holding Period, we must calculate the amount that the investor will receive each year, after he pays both principal and interest on his loan. The calculation is as follows:


Step 1: 50% of value multiplied by 12% interest rate = .063193
Step 2: 50% of value multiplied by 10% required yield = .050000
Step 3: Calculation of Equity Buildup -.003841
Capitalization Rate .109352

The sum of Step 1 Step 2 and Step 3, the Capitalization Rate, is equal to 10.9352%. We divide the income produced by the investment ($10,000.00) by the Capitalization Rate (10.9352%), in order to find the value of the investment.

Net Income
Capitalization Rate
 Value
$10,000 divided by .109352 = $91,447.80



HP 12C steps to calculate Annual Mortgage Constant - Step 1
f REG Clear payment registers
g8 Set payment to end of period
1PV Present Value of 1
12gi 12% Annual Rate divided by 12
25gn 25 year term converted into 300 months
PMT Monthly payment or monthly mortgage constant
12x Convert result to Annual Mortgage Constant
.5x 50% of value - Annual Mortgage Constant


HP 12C steps to calculate Equity Buildup - Step 3
Assumes HP registers above have not been cleared
10gn Year that balance will be paid off - Holding Period
FV Balance at end of 10 years
1+ Displays amount of loan paid off after 10 years
.5x 50% of value - Loan Ratio
Interim Answer = .061218
Sinking Fund Factor
1.10 Enter 1 + Required Yield
10 (yx Key) Raise 1.10 to power of 10 (holding period)
1 - Interim Answer
(0.10/x Key) Get reciprocal
Sinking Fund Factor = .0627454
.061218 x Calculate Equity Buildup factor
Equity Buildup Factor = .03841

Investment Analyst - The Advanced Mortgage Equity Technique

As stated at the beginning of this discussion, Mortgage equity analysis has evolved over many years. The ready availability of desktop computers has allowed us to introduce complex algorithms into the Mortgage Equity Technique that permit us to recognize the other factors that influence an investor's actual IRR. In addition to Equity Buildup, the Advanced Mortgage Equity Technique that is used in Investment Analyst considers these additional factors.